Lub vev xaib IEEE tso cov ncuav qab zib rau hauv koj lub cuab yeej kom muab qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws rau koj. Los ntawm kev siv peb lub vev xaib, koj pom zoo rau qhov chaw tso cov ncuav qab zib no. Yog xav paub ntxiv, thov nyeem peb Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Ntiag Tug.
Cov kws tshaj lij hauv RF dosimetry txiav txim siab qhov mob ntawm 5G - thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev raug thiab koob tshuaj
Kenneth R. Foster muaj ntau xyoo ntawm kev paub txog kev kawm txog xov tooj cua zaus (RF) thiab nws cov teebmeem rau cov kab ke hauv lub cev. Tam sim no, nws tau sau ib daim ntawv tshawb fawb tshiab txog qhov kev kawm no nrog ob tug kws tshawb fawb ntxiv, Marvin Ziskin thiab Quirino Balzano. Ua ke, peb tug ntawm lawv (txhua tus yog IEEE fellows) muaj ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo ntawm kev paub txog qhov kev kawm no.
Daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, luam tawm hauv International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health thaum Lub Ob Hlis, tau saib 75 xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntsuas kev raug RF thiab dosimetry. Hauv nws, cov kws sau ntawv sib koom ua ke piav qhia txog qhov chaw tau nce qib mus deb npaum li cas thiab vim li cas lawv thiaj suav tias nws yog ib zaj dab neeg ua tiav hauv kev tshawb fawb.
IEEE Spectrum tau tham nrog tus xibfwb emeritus Foster ntawm University of Pennsylvania los ntawm email. Peb xav paub ntxiv txog vim li cas kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntsuas kev raug RF thiaj li ua tiav, dab tsi ua rau RF dosimetry nyuaj heev, thiab vim li cas pej xeem txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev siv hluav taws xob wireless zoo li tsis ploj mus.
Rau cov neeg tsis paub txog qhov txawv, qhov txawv ntawm kev raug thiab koob tshuaj yog dab tsi?
Kenneth Foster: Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nyab xeeb RF, kev raug xa mus rau thaj chaw sab nraum lub cev, thiab koob tshuaj xa mus rau lub zog uas nqus tau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev. Ob qho tib si tseem ceeb rau ntau daim ntawv thov - piv txwv li, kev kho mob, kev noj qab haus huv hauv chaw ua haujlwm, thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov neeg siv khoom.
"Yog xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas zoo txog kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm 5G, saib [Ken] Karipidis tsab xov xwm, uas pom 'tsis muaj pov thawj tseeb tias cov teb RF qis dua 6 GHz, xws li cov uas siv los ntawm 5G networks, ua rau tib neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo.'" -- Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Foster: Kev ntsuas cov teb RF hauv qhov chaw dawb tsis yog teeb meem. Qhov teeb meem tiag tiag uas tshwm sim hauv qee kis yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev raug RF. Piv txwv li, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov theem teb RF hauv ib puag ncig los daws cov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem. Xav txog cov lej loj ntawm cov chaw RF hauv ib puag ncig thiab kev puas tsuaj sai ntawm cov teb RF los ntawm txhua qhov chaw, qhov no tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Kev piav qhia txog tus kheej raug rau cov teb RF yog qhov nyuaj tiag tiag, tsawg kawg yog rau ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb uas sim ua li ntawd.
Thaum koj thiab koj cov neeg sau ntawv tau sau koj tsab xov xwm IJERPH, koj lub hom phiaj puas yog los taw qhia txog kev vam meej thiab kev cov nyom ntawm kev ntsuas qhov raug? Foster: Peb lub hom phiaj yog taw qhia txog kev vam meej zoo kawg nkaus uas kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntsuas qhov raug tau ua tiav ntau xyoo, uas tau ntxiv ntau qhov kev meej meej rau kev kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov teb xov tooj cua thiab tau tsav kev nce qib loj hauv kev siv tshuab kho mob.
Cov cuab yeej siv hauv cov chaw no tau txhim kho ntau npaum li cas lawm? Koj puas tuaj yeem qhia kuv tias cov cuab yeej twg muaj rau koj thaum pib koj txoj haujlwm, piv rau cov uas muaj niaj hnub no? Cov cuab yeej siv zoo dua pab txhawb kev ua tiav ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas kev raug mob li cas?
Foster: Cov cuab yeej siv los ntsuas cov teb RF hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb tau me dua thiab muaj zog dua. Leej twg yuav xav tias ob peb xyoos dhau los no cov cuab yeej ua lag luam yuav muaj zog txaus kom coj mus rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm, muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov teb RF muaj zog txaus los ua rau muaj kev phom sij hauv kev ua haujlwm, tab sis muaj zog txaus los ntsuas cov teb tsis muaj zog los ntawm cov kav hlau txais xov deb? Tib lub sijhawm, txiav txim siab qhov spectrum meej ntawm lub teeb liab kom paub nws qhov chaw?
Yuav ua li cas thaum thev naus laus zis wireless txav mus rau hauv cov zaus tshiab - piv txwv li, millimeter thiab terahertz nthwv dej rau cellular, lossis 6 GHz rau Wi-Fi?
Foster: Dua li no, qhov teeb meem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov xwm txheej raug, tsis yog cov cuab yeej siv. Piv txwv li, cov chaw nres tsheb 5G cellular siab-band tso tawm ntau lub teeb uas txav mus los ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no ua rau nws nyuaj rau ntsuas qhov raug rau cov neeg nyob ze ntawm cov chaw cell kom paub tseeb tias qhov raug muaj kev nyab xeeb (zoo li lawv yuav luag ib txwm ua).
"Kuv tus kheej txhawj xeeb ntau dua txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv sijhawm ntau dhau los saib cov yeeb yaj kiab rau kev loj hlob ntawm menyuam yaus thiab cov teeb meem kev ceev ntiag tug." - Kenneth R. Foster, University of Pennsylvania
Yog tias kev ntsuam xyuas kev raug mob yog qhov teeb meem daws tau, dab tsi ua rau qhov dhia hauv kev ntsuas dosimetry kom raug nyuaj ua luaj? Dab tsi ua rau thawj zaug yooj yim dua li qhov tom kawg?
Foster: Kev ntsuas qhov kub thiab txias (dosimetry) nyuaj dua li kev ntsuam xyuas qhov raug mob. Feem ntau koj tsis tuaj yeem ntxig lub RF probe rau hauv lub cev ntawm ib tus neeg. Muaj ntau yam laj thawj uas koj yuav xav tau cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li kev kho mob hyperthermia rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, qhov twg cov ntaub so ntswg yuav tsum tau ua kom sov rau qib uas tau teev tseg. Ua kom sov tsawg dhau thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kho mob, ua kom sov ntau dhau thiab koj yuav kub tus neeg mob.
Koj puas qhia tau kuv ntxiv txog kev ntsuas dosimetry niaj hnub no? Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem ntxig lub probe rau hauv ib tus neeg lub cev, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tom ntej yog dab tsi?
Foster: Nws tsis ua li cas siv cov ntsuas RF qub los ntsuas cov teb hauv huab cua rau ntau yam lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb nrog kev ua haujlwm kev nyab xeeb hauv chaw ua haujlwm, qhov twg koj xav tau ntsuas cov teb zaus xov tooj cua uas tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm lub cev. Rau kev kho mob hyperthermia, koj tseem yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv thermal probes rau cov neeg mob, tab sis kev ntsuas dosimetry tau txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev ntsuas cov koob tshuaj thermal thiab tau ua rau muaj kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv thev naus laus zis. Rau kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm RF biological (piv txwv li, siv cov antennas tso rau ntawm cov tsiaj), nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias lub zog RF nqus tau ntau npaum li cas hauv lub cev thiab nws mus qhov twg. Koj tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog co koj lub xov tooj rau ntawm tus tsiaj ua qhov chaw raug (tab sis qee tus kws tshawb fawb ua). Rau qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, xws li kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ntawm National Toxicology Program txog kev raug lub zog RF hauv cov nas, tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau kev ntsuas dosimetry.
Vim li cas koj thiaj xav tias muaj ntau yam kev txhawj xeeb txog kev siv hluav taws xob wireless uas tib neeg ntsuas qib hauv tsev?
Foster: Kev pom kev pheej hmoo yog ib qho lag luam nyuaj heev. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob xov tooj cua feem ntau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Koj tsis tuaj yeem pom nws, tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm kev raug thiab ntau yam teebmeem uas qee tus neeg txhawj xeeb txog, tib neeg feem ntau tsis meej pem lub zog zaus xov tooj cua (tsis yog ionizing, txhais tau tias nws cov photons tsis muaj zog dhau los rhuav tshem cov tshuaj sib txuas) nrog ionizing X-rays, thiab lwm yam. Kev tawg (txaus ntshai heev). Ib txhia ntseeg tias lawv "rhiab heev" rau cov hluav taws xob wireless, txawm hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj qhov kev rhiab heev no hauv kev tshawb fawb dig muag thiab tswj hwm kom zoo. Ib txhia neeg xav tias muaj kev hem thawj los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov antennas siv rau kev sib txuas lus wireless. Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb muaj ntau daim ntawv qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm ntau yam zoo uas ib tus tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ib zaj dab neeg txaus ntshai. Ib txhia kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv (txawm hais tias lub koom haum kev noj qab haus huv pom tias lawv tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb tab sis hais tias "xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv"). Daim ntawv teev npe mus ntxiv.
Kev ntsuam xyuas kev raug mob ua lub luag haujlwm hauv qhov no. Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem yuav cov khoom siv RF pheej yig tab sis rhiab heev thiab tshawb xyuas cov teeb liab RF hauv lawv ib puag ncig, uas muaj ntau heev. Qee cov khoom siv no "nias" thaum lawv ntsuas cov zaus xov tooj cua los ntawm cov khoom siv xws li Wi-Fi nkag mus, thiab yuav suab zoo li lub Geiger counter hauv lub nuclear reactor rau lub ntiaj teb. Txaus ntshai. Qee cov RF meters kuj tseem muag rau kev yos hav zoov, tab sis qhov no yog daim ntawv thov sib txawv.
Xyoo tas los, British Medical Journal tau tshaj tawm ib qho kev hu kom nres 5G kev xa mus kom txog thaum txiav txim siab txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis. Koj xav li cas txog cov kev hu no? Koj puas xav tias lawv yuav pab qhia rau cov pej xeem txog cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv ntawm RF, lossis ua rau muaj kev tsis meej pem ntxiv? Foster: Koj tab tom hais txog ib daim ntawv xav los ntawm [tus kws tshawb fawb txog kab mob John] Frank, thiab kuv tsis pom zoo nrog feem ntau ntawm nws. Feem ntau cov koom haum kev noj qab haus huv uas tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tsuas yog hu kom muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv, tab sis tsawg kawg yog ib qho - pawg thawj coj saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv Dutch - tau hu kom muaj kev txwv tsis pub siv high-band 5G kom txog thaum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog kev nyab xeeb. Cov lus qhia no yeej yuav nyiam cov pej xeem (txawm hais tias HCN kuj xav tias nws tsis zoo li muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv).
Hauv nws tsab xov xwm, Frank sau tias, "Lub zog tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj qhia txog [xov tooj cua zaus electromagnetic] cov teebmeem kev puas tsuaj ntawm RF-EMF."
Qhov ntawd yog qhov teeb meem: muaj ntau txhiab txoj kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm RF hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau. Cov ntsiab lus kawg, qhov cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv, qhov zoo ntawm kev kawm thiab qib kev raug ntau yam. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau tshaj tawm qee yam kev cuam tshuam, ntawm txhua zaus thiab txhua qib kev raug. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb muaj kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug (tsis txaus dosimetry, tsis muaj kev dig muag, qhov loj me ntawm cov qauv, thiab lwm yam) thiab ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis sib xws nrog lwm tus. "Lub zog tshawb fawb tshiab" tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv tsis meej no. Frank yuav tsum cia siab rau kev tshuaj xyuas ze dua los ntawm cov koom haum kev noj qab haus huv. Cov no tau ua tsis tiav los nrhiav pov thawj meej ntawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm cov teb RF ambient.
Frank tau yws txog qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev sib tham txog "5G" rau pej xeem -- tab sis nws tau ua yuam kev tib yam los ntawm kev tsis hais txog cov zaus thaum hais txog 5G. Qhov tseeb, 5G qis-band thiab nruab nrab-band ua haujlwm ntawm cov zaus ze rau cov cellular bands tam sim no thiab zoo li tsis muaj teeb meem tshiab rau kev raug hluav taws xob. 5G siab-band ua haujlwm ntawm cov zaus qis dua me ntsis ntawm mmWave, pib ntawm 30 GHz. Muaj ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm lub cev hauv qhov zaus no, tab sis lub zog tsis tshua nkag mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, thiab cov koom haum kev noj qab haus huv tsis tau tsa kev txhawj xeeb txog nws txoj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov qib kev raug hluav taws xob.
Frank tsis tau qhia meej tias nws xav ua dab tsi ua ntej tso tawm "5G," txawm nws txhais li cas los xij. [FCC] xav kom cov neeg tau txais daim ntawv tso cai ua raws li nws cov kev txwv, uas zoo ib yam li cov nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm lub tebchaws. Tsis muaj qhov ua ntej rau cov thev naus laus zis RF tshiab kom raug soj ntsuam ncaj qha rau cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv RF ua ntej kev pom zoo, uas yuav xav tau ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tsis kawg. Yog tias FCC cov kev txwv tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb, lawv yuav tsum tau hloov pauv.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tshawb fawb txog cov teebmeem ntawm 5G, mus saib tsab xov xwm ntawm [Ken] Karipidis, uas pom tias "tsis muaj pov thawj tseeb tias cov teb RF qis dua 6 GHz, xws li cov uas siv los ntawm 5G network, ua rau tib neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo. Daim ntawv tshuaj xyuas kuj tau thov kom muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.
Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb sib xyaw ua ke, tab sis txog tam sim no, cov koom haum kev noj qab haus huv tsis tau pom muaj pov thawj meej txog kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm cov teb RF ib puag ncig. Tab sis kom paub tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog mmWave cov teebmeem ntawm lub cev yog qhov me me, nrog kwv yees li 100 txoj kev tshawb fawb, thiab muaj ntau yam zoo.
Tsoomfwv tau nyiaj ntau los ntawm kev muag cov spectrum rau 5G kev sib txuas lus, thiab yuav tsum nqis peev qee qhov ntawm nws rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog high-band 5G. Tus kheej, kuv txhawj xeeb ntau dua txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv sijhawm ntau dhau los saib xyuas menyuam yaus thiab cov teeb meem ntiag tug.
Puas muaj cov txheej txheem zoo dua rau kev ua haujlwm ntsuas dosimetry? Yog tias muaj, cov piv txwv twg yog cov piv txwv nthuav lossis muaj kev cia siab tshaj plaws?
Foster: Tej zaum qhov kev nce qib tseem ceeb yog hauv kev suav dosimetry nrog kev qhia txog cov txheej txheem finite difference time domain (FDTD) thiab cov qauv lej ntawm lub cev raws li cov duab kho mob siab. Qhov no tso cai rau kev suav meej heev ntawm lub cev nqus tau lub zog RF los ntawm txhua qhov chaw. Kev suav dosimetry tau muab lub neej tshiab rau cov kev kho mob uas tau tsim, xws li hyperthermia siv los kho mob qog noj ntshav, thiab tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab ke MRI duab zoo dua thiab ntau lwm yam thev naus laus zis kho mob.
Michael Koziol yog ib tug kws kho xov xwm pabcuam ntawm IEEE Spectrum, uas npog txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Nws yog ib tug kawm tiav ntawm Seattle University nrog rau BA hauv lus Askiv thiab Physics, thiab MA hauv Science Journalism los ntawm New York University.
Xyoo 1992, Asad M. Madni tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm BEI Sensors and Controls, saib xyuas cov kab khoom uas suav nrog ntau yam khoom siv sensors thiab cov khoom siv inertial navigation, tab sis muaj cov neeg siv khoom me dua - feem ntau yog cov lag luam aerospace thiab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob.
Tsov Rog Txias tau xaus thiab kev lag luam tiv thaiv Asmeskas tau vau. Thiab kev lag luam yuav tsis rov zoo sai sai no. BEI xav tau sai sai txheeb xyuas thiab nrhiav cov neeg siv khoom tshiab.
Yuav kom tau cov neeg siv khoom no, yuav tsum tso tseg lub tuam txhab cov tshuab ntsuas inertial mechanical sensor thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis quartz tshiab uas tsis tau lees paub, ua kom cov sensor quartz me me, thiab hloov chaw tsim khoom uas tsim ntau txhiab tus sensor kim hauv ib xyoos mus rau tsim ntau lab tus pheej yig dua.
Madni tau siv zog ua kom nws tshwm sim thiab ua tiav ntau dua li leej twg xav tau rau GyroChip. Lub ntsuas inertial pheej yig no yog thawj zaug ntawm nws hom uas tau koom ua ke rau hauv lub tsheb, ua rau cov tshuab tswj kev ruaj khov hluav taws xob (ESC) tuaj yeem ntes kev plam thiab ua haujlwm lub nres kom tiv thaiv kev dov. Raws li ESCs tau teeb tsa rau hauv txhua lub tsheb tshiab dhau lub sijhawm tsib xyoos txij li xyoo 2011 txog 2015, cov kab ke no tau cawm 7,000 tus neeg txoj sia nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas ib leeg, raws li National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Cov khoom siv no tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau lub dav hlau lag luam thiab ntiag tug, nrog rau cov tshuab tswj kev ruaj khov rau cov tshuab qhia foob pob hluav taws hauv Asmeskas. Nws txawm tau mus rau Mars ua ib feem ntawm lub dav hlau Pathfinder Sojourner.
Lub luag haujlwm tam sim no: Tus Xib Fwb Qhia Ntawv Zoo Tshaj Plaws ntawm UCLA; Tus Thawj Coj So Haujlwm, CEO thiab CTO ntawm BEI Technologies
Kev Kawm: 1968, RCA College; BS, 1969 thiab 1972, MS, UCLA, ob leeg hauv Electrical Engineering; Ph.D., California Coast University, 1987
Cov Neeg Ua Siab Zoo: Feem ntau, kuv txiv qhia kuv paub kawm, paub ua neeg, thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hlub, kev khuv leej, thiab kev sib nkag siab; hauv kev kos duab, Michelangelo; hauv kev tshawb fawb, Albert Einstein; hauv kev tsim kho, Claude Shannon
Cov suab paj nruag nyiam: Hauv suab paj nruag sab hnub poob, Beatles, Rolling Stones, Elvis; suab paj nruag sab hnub tuaj, Ghazals
Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum: IEEE Life Fellow; US National Academy of Engineering; UK Royal Academy of Engineering; Canadian Academy of Engineering
Qhov khoom plig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: IEEE Medal of Honor: "Cov neeg ua thawj coj hauv kev txhim kho thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem, thiab kev coj noj coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tshawb fawb"; UCLA Alumni of the Year 2004
Madni tau txais 2022 IEEE Medal of Honor rau kev tsim GyroChip, ntawm lwm yam kev pabcuam hauv kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev coj noj coj ua hauv kev tshawb fawb.
Kev ua vaj tse tsis yog Madni txoj hauj lwm xaiv ua ntej. Nws xav ua ib tug kws kos duab thiab pleev xim zoo. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej nyiaj txiag ntawm nws tsev neeg hauv Mumbai, Is Nrias teb (tom qab ntawd Mumbai) xyoo 1950 thiab 1960 tau ua rau nws xav ua vaj tse - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hluav taws xob, ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev txaus siab rau cov kev tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws uas muaj nyob hauv cov xov tooj cua transistor me me. Xyoo 1966, nws tau tsiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas los kawm txog hluav taws xob ntawm RCA College hauv New York City, uas tau tsim nyob rau thaum ntxov xyoo 1900 los cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm wireless thiab cov kws kho tshuab.
"Kuv xav ua ib tug engineer uas muaj peev xwm tsim tej yam," Madeney hais tias, "thiab ua tej yam uas yuav cuam tshuam rau tib neeg. Vim tias yog tias kuv tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tib neeg, kuv xav tias kuv txoj haujlwm yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig."
Madni tau nkag mus rau UCLA xyoo 1969 nrog daim bachelor's degree hauv electrical engineering tom qab ob xyoos hauv Electronics Technology program ntawm RCA College. Nws tau mus kawm ntxiv rau daim master's degree thiab doctorate, siv digital signal processing thiab frequency domain reflectometry los tshuaj xyuas cov kab ke sib txuas lus rau nws cov kev tshawb fawb thesis. Thaum nws kawm ntawv, nws kuj tau ua haujlwm ua tus xibfwb qhia ntawv ntawm Pacific State University, ua haujlwm hauv kev tswj cov khoom muag ntawm Beverly Hills retailer David Orgell, thiab ua tus engineer tsim cov khoom siv computer ntawm Pertec.
Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1975, nws nyuam qhuav pib ua haujlwm thiab raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm ib tug phooj ywg kawm ntawv yav dhau los, nws tau thov ua haujlwm hauv Systron Donner lub chaw haujlwm microwave.
Madni pib tsim lub tshuab spectrum analyzer thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb nrog kev khaws cia digital ntawm Systron Donner. Nws yeej tsis tau siv lub tshuab spectrum analyzer ua ntej - lawv kim heev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd - tab sis nws paub lub tswv yim zoo txaus kom nws tus kheej ntseeg siab ua txoj haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd nws siv rau lub hlis sim, tau txais kev paub dhau los nrog lub cuab yeej ua ntej sim tsim nws dua tshiab.
Qhov project no siv sijhawm ob xyoos thiab, raws li Madni hais, tau ua rau muaj peb daim ntawv pov thawj tseem ceeb, pib nws "nce mus rau tej yam loj dua thiab zoo dua." Nws kuj qhia nws txog qhov txawv ntawm "txhais li cas kom muaj kev paub txog kev xav thiab kev lag luam thev naus laus zis uas tuaj yeem pab lwm tus," nws hais.
Peb kuj tseem tuaj yeem kho cov khoom siv rf passive raws li koj xav tau. Koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau nplooj ntawv kho kom raug kom muab cov lus qhia koj xav tau.
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Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Plaub Hlis-18-2022
