Xov xwm

Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Qhov kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj ntawm tes tau ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis tu ncua ntawm wireless thev naus laus zis (G), uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv ntawm cov kab ke lom neeg.Kom sim qhov no, peb nthuav tawm nas mus rau ib lub taub hau raug rau 4G mus sij hawm ntev evolution (LTE)-1800 MHz electromagnetic teb (EMF) rau 2 teev. lipopolysaccharide-induced mob neuroinflammation ntawm microglia spatial kev pab them nqi thiab electrophysiological neuronal kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub thawj auditory cortex (ACx).Qhov nruab nrab SAR nyob rau hauv ACx yog 0.5 W / kg.Multi-unit recordings qhia tau hais tias LTE-EMF ua rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub pure tocalization ntawm lub zog thiab cov lus teb. acoustic pib rau qis thiab nruab nrab ntau zaus.Iba1 immunohistochemistry pom tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cheeb tsam uas npog los ntawm microglial lub cev thiab cov txheej txheem.Nyob rau hauv cov nas noj qab haus huv, tib lub LTE raug tsis ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv cov lus teb siv zog thiab acoustic thresholds.Peb cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias tions ua rau mob neuroinflamma. Kev hloov pauv ntawm acoustic stimuli hauv ACx.
Lub ntiaj teb electromagnetic ib puag ncig tau hloov pauv ntau dhau los ntawm peb lub xyoos dhau los vim muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm kev sib txuas lus wireless.Tam sim no, ntau tshaj li ob feem peb ntawm cov pej xeem raug suav hais tias yog cov neeg siv xov tooj ntawm tes (MP) cov neeg siv.Qhov kev nthuav dav loj ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev sib cav txog qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob (EMFs) hauv xov tooj cua zaus, los yog RF chaw nres tsheb. kev sib txuas lus.Qhov teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem no tau tshwm sim ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb sim mob siab rau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm radiofrequency absorption hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lom 1.Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau nrhiav kev hloov pauv hauv neuronal network kev ua ub no thiab cov txheej txheem kev txawj ntse, muab qhov sib thooj ntawm lub hlwb mus rau RF qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev siv dav dav ntawm MP.Muaj ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes (pulse thib ob) hauv kev sib txuas lus thoob ntiaj teb. (GSM) lossis wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)/third generation universal mobile telecommunications systems (WCDMA/3G UMTS)2 ,3,4,5.Me ntsis paub txog cov teebmeem ntawm xov tooj cua zaus siv nyob rau hauv plaub tiam (4G) mobile kev pab cuam, uas cia siab rau ib tug tag nrho-digital Internet raws tu qauv volution technology hu ua Long Term. Kev pabcuam LTE handset yuav tsum ncav cuag 6.6 billion thoob ntiaj teb LTE cov neeg siv khoom nyob rau lub Ib Hlis 2022 (GSMA: //gsacom.com).Piv rau GSM (2G) thiab WCDMA (3G) systems raws li ib leeg-kab xov tooj hloov cov tswv yim, LTE siv Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) raws li cov teeb liab sib txawv ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes sib txawv TE6. 450 thiab 3700 MHz, suav nrog 900 thiab 1800 MHz bands kuj siv hauv GSM.
Lub peev xwm ntawm RF raug cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem lom neeg feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb nqus tus nqi (SAR) qhia hauv W / kg, uas ntsuas lub zog nqus hauv cov ntaub so ntswg lom neeg.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm 30-feeb lub taub hau raug rau 2.573 GHz LTE cov cim ntawm lub ntiaj teb neuronal network kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau tshawb pom hauv cov neeg noj qab haus huv. Kev hloov pauv qeeb qeeb thiab hloov pauv hauv kev sib txuas hauv nruab nrab lossis hauv cheeb tsam sib txuas, thaum spatial peak SAR theem nruab nrab ntawm 10 g ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tau kwv yees sib txawv ntawm 0.42 thiab 1.52 W / kg, raws li cov ntsiab lus 7, 8, 9.EEG tsom xam nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws ntawm SAR 30 min. siv tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tib neeg lub taub hau qauv) pom tau tias txo qis spectral hwj chim thiab hemispheric coherence nyob rau hauv lub alpha thiab beta bands.Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho kev tshawb fawb raws li EEG tsom xam pom tias 20 lossis 30 feeb ntawm LTE lub taub hau raug, nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv zos SAR theem nyob ib ncig ntawm 2 W / kg, txawm tias tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam 11 los yog ua rau lub zog spectral tsis hloov pauv, thaum lub zog cog tsis tau hloov pauv. nrog rau Stroop xeem 12 .Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm EEG lossis kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb saib cov teebmeem ntawm GSM lossis UMTS EMF raug.Lawv tau xav tias yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov qauv tsim thiab kev sim ntsuas, suav nrog hom teeb liab thiab kev hloov pauv, raug siv thiab lub sijhawm, lossis los ntawm cov hnub nyoog sib txawv nrog rau tib neeg.
Txog tam sim no, ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau siv los txiav txim seb qhov kev cuam tshuam LTE cuam tshuam li cas cuam tshuam rau lub hlwb kev ua haujlwm.Nws tau tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias cov kab mob tshwm sim ntawm kev tsim cov nas los ntawm lub sijhawm embryonic lig mus rau kev txiav (30 min / hnub, 5 hnub / lub lis piam, nrog rau tag nrho lub cev SAR ntawm 0.5 lossis 1 W / kg) ua rau cov neeg laus hloov pauv kev coj cwj pwm . (2 ha ib hnub rau 6 lub lis piam) hauv cov neeg laus nas tau pom tias ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab oxidative thiab txo qhov amplitude ntawm qhov muag pom kev muaj peev xwm tau txais los ntawm cov hlab ntsha optic, nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws SAR kwv yees kom tsawg li 10 mW / kg15.
Ntxiv rau kev tsom xam ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas, suav nrog qib cellular thiab molecular, cov qauv nas tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm RF raug thaum muaj tus kab mob, raws li yav dhau los tsom rau GSM lossis WCDMA / 3G UMTS EMF hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm mob neuroinflammation. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qaug dab peg, kab mob neurodegenerative lossis gliomas 16,17,18,19,20.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) txhaj tshuaj nas yog ib qho qauv preclinical ntawm mob neuroinflammatory cov lus teb cuam tshuam nrog benign kis kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob los yog kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem txhua xyoo.Lub xeev inflammatory no ua rau cov kab mob thim rov qab thiab kev nyuaj siab tus cwj pwm ua rau kub taub hau, tsis qab los noj mov, thiab txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo xws li CNS. Cov hlwb ntawm cov lus teb neuroinflammatory no.Kev kho cov nas nrog LPS ua rau kev ua kom microglia tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm lawv cov duab thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm tes thiab cov kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov ntaub ntawv transcriptome, suav nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov noob encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines lossis enzymes, uas cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua haujlwm neuronal 22, 23.
Kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm ib leeg 2-teev lub taub hau raug GSM-1800 MHz EMF hauv LPS-kho nas, peb pom tias GSM signaling ua rau cov lus teb ntawm tes hauv lub hlwb cortex, cuam tshuam cov noob qhia, glutamate receptor phosphorylation, neuronal Meta-evoked firing thiab microsebral morphology. tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov nas noj qab haus huv uas tau txais tib qhov GSM raug, qhia tias LPS-triggered neuroinflammatory xeev sensitizes CNS hlwb rau GSM signaling.Tsom mus rau lub auditory cortex (ACx) ntawm LPS-kho nas, qhov twg lub zos SAR nruab nrab ntawm 1.55 W / kg, peb tau pom tias cov txheej txheem ntawm GSM exfoliation ntawm micro thiab cov kab mob tshwm sim. txo qis hauv cov lus teb neuronal evoked los ntawm ntshiab tones thiab .Natural Stimulation 28.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no, peb tsom los tshuaj xyuas seb lub taub hau nkaus xwb raug rau LTE-1800 MHz cov cim tseem tuaj yeem hloov kho microglial morphology thiab neuronal kev ua haujlwm hauv ACx, txo lub zog ntawm qhov tshwm sim los ntawm ob feem peb.Peb qhia ntawm no tias LTE signaling tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem microglial tab sis tseem ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv kev ua suab nrov ntawm LTE-evok. SAR tus nqi ntawm 0.5 W / kg.
Muab cov pov thawj yav dhau los uas raug rau GSM-1800 MHz hloov microglial morphology nyob rau hauv cov kev mob tshwm sim, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov tshwm sim no tom qab raug rau LTE signaling.
Cov neeg laus nas raug txhaj nrog LPS 24 teev ua ntej lub taub hau nkaus xwb sham raug lossis raug LTE-1800 MHz.Tom qab raug, LPS-triggered neuroinflammatory cov lus teb tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb cortex, raws li qhia los ntawm upregulation ntawm proinflammatory noob thiab kev hloov nyob rau hauv cortical microglia powergTE morphology (TheFi) morphology. tau qhov nruab nrab SAR theem ntawm 0.5 W / kg hauv ACx (Daim duab 2).Rau txiav txim siab seb LPS-activated microglia puas tau teb rau LTE EMF, peb tau txheeb xyuas cov seem cortical stained nrog anti-Iba1 uas tau xaiv sau cov hlwb no.Raws li pom hauv daim duab 3a, hauv ACx seem tau kho tom qab 4 teev tom qab lub microglia remarked. Zoo sib xws, qhia txog "dense-zoo li" cell morphology elicited los ntawm LPS pro-inflammatory kev kho mob (Daim duab 1).Ua raws li qhov tsis muaj cov lus teb morphological, kev txheeb xyuas cov duab ntau qhia tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam (unpaired t-test, p = 0.308) lossis cheeb tsam (p = 0.196 den Ibs = 1.6 p) thiab immunoreactivity thaum muab piv rau iba 1-stained cell lub cev nyob rau hauv LTE nas piv rau sham-exposed tsiaj (Fig. 3b-d).
Cov teebmeem ntawm LPS ip txhaj rau ntawm cortical microglia morphology.Cov neeg sawv cev saib ntawm microglia nyob rau hauv ib coronal seem ntawm lub paj hlwb cortex (dorsomedial cheeb tsam) 24 teev tom qab intraperitoneal txhaj ntawm LPS los yog lub tsheb (tswj).Cells tau stained nrog anti-Iba1 antibody raws li yav tas los prophology kev kho mob LPS. suav nrog cov thickening proximal thiab nce cov ceg luv luv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tes, uas ua rau "dense-zoo li" tsos.Scale bar: 20 µm.
Dosimetric tsom xam ntawm kev nqus tus nqi (SAR) hauv nas hlwb thaum raug 1800 MHz LTE.A yav dhau los tau piav qhia txog heterogeneous qauv ntawm phantom nas thiab voj kav hlau txais xov 62 tau siv los ntsuas lub zos SAR hauv lub hlwb, nrog rau 0.5 mm3 cubic grid.(a) Ntiaj teb saib ntawm lub vojvoog nas nyob rau hauv ib lub taub hau ntawm ib lub voj voog pos lic nyob rau hauv ib tug ex pad. (daj) hauv qab ntawm lub cev.(b) Kev faib tawm ntawm SAR qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov neeg laus lub hlwb ntawm 0.5 mm3 spatial daws teeb meem.Cov cheeb tsam delimited los ntawm cov duab dub nyob rau hauv seem sagittal sib raug rau thawj auditory cortex qhov twg microglial thiab neuronal kev ua ub no raug tshuaj xyuas.Cov xim-coded scale ntawm SARapp muaj nuj nqis.
LPS-injected microglia nyob rau hauv nas auditory cortex tom qab LTE los yog Sham raug.(a) Cov neeg sawv cev stacked saib ntawm microglia stained nrog anti-Iba1 antibody nyob rau hauv coronal seem ntawm LPS-perfused nas auditory cortex 3 mus rau 4 teev tom qab Sham los yog LTE exposure). Morphometric kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm microglia 3 mus rau 4 teev tom qab sham (qhib dots) los yog LTE raug (pom, dub dots).(b, c) Spatial coverage (b) ntawm microglia marker Iba1 thiab thaj chaw ntawm Iba1-zoo cell lub cev (c). Cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev los tiv thaiv-Iba1 staining cheeb tsam normalized - suav los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. anti-Iba1-stained microglial cell lub cev.Qhov sib txawv ntawm Sham (n = 5) thiab LTE (n = 6) tsiaj tsis tseem ceeb (p > 0.05, unpaired t-test).Lub sab saum toj thiab hauv qab ntawm lub thawv, cov kab sab saud thiab qis sawv cev rau 25th-75th feem pua ​​thiab 5-95th feem pua.
Table 1 piav qhia txog tus lej tsiaj thiab ntau lub tsev kaw lus tau txais nyob rau hauv thawj auditory cortex ntawm plaub pawg nas (Sham, Exposed, Sham-LPS, Exposed-LPS).Hauv cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no, peb suav nrog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg uas nthuav tawm qhov tseem ceeb spectral spectral ntawm lub sijhawm txais kev lees paub teb (STRF), piv txwv li, tone-evoked 6 cov lus teb tsawg dua. Cov nqi hluav taws xob (saib daim duab 1).Ua raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, peb xaiv 266 cov ntaub ntawv rau pawg Sham, 273 cov ntaub ntawv rau pawg Exposed, 299 cov ntaub ntawv rau pawg Sham-LPS, thiab 295 cov ntaub ntawv rau pawg Exposed-LPS.
Hauv kab lus hauv qab no, peb yuav xub piav qhia txog qhov tsis tau muab rho tawm los ntawm spectral-temporal receptive teb (uas yog, cov lus teb rau cov suab nrov) thiab cov lus teb rau xenogeneic tshwj xeeb vocalizations.Peb yuav piav qhia qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov chaw teb zaus tau txais rau txhua pab pawg.Xav txog qhov muaj "cov ntaub ntawv zes" 30 hauv peb qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm. nyob rau hauv lub electrode array (kab kawg hauv Table 1), tab sis tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam tau piav qhia hauv qab no kuj yog raws li tus naj npawb ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv txhua pab pawg. Tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau ntau ntau (kab peb hauv Table 1).
Daim duab 4a qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws zaus tis (BF, eliciting maximal teb ntawm 75 dB SPL) ntawm cortical neurons tau nyob rau hauv LPS-kho Sham thiab raug cov tsiaj.Qhov ntau zaus ntawm BF nyob rau hauv ob pab pawg tau ncua los ntawm 1 kHz mus rau 36 kHz.Statistical tsom xam tau pom tias zoo ib yam li (2-8 kHz). qhia tias kev sib piv ntawm ob pab pawg tuaj yeem ua tau yam tsis muaj kev coj ua piv txwv.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau qhov muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov lus teb cortical hauv LPS-kho tsiaj.(a) BF faib hauv cortical neurons ntawm LPS-kho tsiaj raug rau LTE (dub) thiab sham-exposed rau LTE (dawb).Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qhov kev faib tawm.(bf) Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE kev cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam temperal (STRF).Response lub zog tau txo qis (*p <0.05, unpaired t-test) nyob rau ob qho tib si STRF (tag nrho cov lus teb lub zog) thiab zoo frequencies (b,c). teb lub sij hawm, teb bandwidth, thiab bandwidth tas li (df).Ob lub zog thiab lub sij hawm ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov lus teb raug txo kom tsawg (sponsive activation). (i).(*p < 0.05, unpaired t-test).(j,k) Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau ntawm cortical thresholds.Mean thresholds tau ntau dua nyob rau hauv LTE-exposed nas piv rau sham-exposed nas.Cov nyhuv no yog ntau pronounced nyob rau hauv qis thiab nruab nrab frequencies.
Cov duab 4b-f qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsis tau muab los ntawm STRF rau cov tsiaj no (txhais tau hais tias yog cov kab liab).Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau LPS-kho tsiaj tau tshwm sim qhia tias txo qis neuronal excitability.Thawj, tag nrho cov lus teb siv zog thiab cov lus teb tau qis dua hauv BF piv nrog Sham-LPS tsiaj (Daim duab 4, pb. 0.0017; thiab p = 0.0445). Ib yam li ntawd, cov lus teb rau kev sib txuas lus tau txo qis hauv ob qho tib si teb lub zog thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev sib tw (Daim duab 4g, h; unpaired t-test, p = 0.043).Spontaneous activities raug txo, tab sis cov nyhuv no tsis tseem ceeb (Daim duab 4i; ponse 5th, 0. latency tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm LTE raug nyob rau hauv LPS-kho tsiaj (Daim duab 4d-f), qhia tau hais tias zaus xaiv thiab precision ntawm qhov pib teb tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm LTE raug nyob rau hauv LPS-kho tsiaj.
Peb tom ntej no soj ntsuam seb lub suab ntshiab cortical thresholds tau hloov pauv los ntawm LTE raug.Los ntawm thaj tsam teb zaus (FRA) tau los ntawm txhua qhov kev kaw tseg, peb txiav txim siab qhov kev sib tw rau txhua zaus thiab nruab nrab cov hnub qub no rau ob pawg tsiaj.Daim duab 4j qhia qhov txhais tau tias (± 1 k resholds hauv 3 th Hz) LPS-kho nas.Piv cov auditory thresholds ntawm Sham thiab Exposed pab pawg pom tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov pib nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj raug muab piv nrog Sham tsiaj (Fig. 4j), ib tug tshwm sim uas yog ntau pronounced nyob rau hauv qis thiab nruab nrab frequencies.More precisely, ntawm tsawg frequencies ntawm 2 Hz (< 2 Hz). qhov pib nce, thaum qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm qis thiab nruab nrab qhov pib neurons txo qis (chi-square = 43.85; p < 0.0001; Fig. 4k, sab laug daim duab). Cov nyhuv tib yam tau pom nyob rau nruab nrab zaus (2.25 < Freq (kHz) < 11): ib qho kev faib ua feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cortical nrog qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab thiab ib feem me me ntawm cov paj hlwb uas muaj qhov qis dua piv rau cov pab pawg uas tsis tau pom dua (Chi - Square = 71.17; p < 0.001, th panels kuj tseem ceeb rau qhov sib txawv). high-frequency neurons (≥ 11 kHz, p = 0.0059); qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov neurons qis qis tau txo qis thiab qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm nruab nrab-siab qhov pib nce (chi-square = 10.853; p = 0.04 Daim duab 4k, txoj cai vaj huam sib luag).
Daim duab 5a qhia tau hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws zaus faib (BF, eliciting siab tshaj plaws teb ntawm 75 dB SPL) ntawm cortical neurons tau nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv rau cov Sham thiab Exposed pawg.Statistical tsom xam pom tias ob qhov kev faib tau zoo sib xws (chi-square, p = 0.157), qhia tias kev sib piv ntawm ob pawg tuaj yeem ua tsis tau.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau qhov tsis muaj qhov ntsuas ntawm cov lus teb cortical hauv cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv.(a) BF kev faib tawm hauv cortical neurons ntawm cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv raug rau LTE (tsaus xiav) thiab sham-raug rau LTE (lub teeb xiav).Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob qhov kev faib tawm.(bf) Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau qhov tsis muaj kev txwv). Kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov lus teb siv thoob plaws STRF thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws frequencies (b,c).Muaj qhov nce me ntsis hauv cov lus teb ntev (d), tab sis tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus teb bandwidth thiab bandwidth (e, f). Tsis muaj lub zog lossis lub cev kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov lus teb rau lub suab hloov pauv (g, h).Tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev ua 0.0. t-test).(j,k) Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE raug rau ntawm cortical thresholds.Ntawm qhov nruab nrab, qhov pib tsis tau hloov pauv loj hauv LTE-exposed nas piv rau Sham-exposed nas, tab sis ntau zaus qhov pib tau qis dua me ntsis hauv cov tsiaj uas raug.
Cov duab 5b-f qhia boxplots sawv cev rau kev faib khoom thiab txhais tau tias (kab liab) ntawm cov tsis tau muab los ntawm ob pawg ntawm STRFs.Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv, LTE raug nws tus kheej muaj me ntsis cuam tshuam rau tus nqi nruab nrab ntawm STRF parameters.Piv nrog rau pawg Sham (lub teeb vs tsaus xiav lub thawv rau pawg neeg raug pom), LTE raug tsis muaj tag nrho cov lus teb. 5b, c; unpaired t-test, p = 0.2176, thiab p = 0.8696 raws li). (Fig. 5g, p = 0.4375), lub inter-trial kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov lus teb (Fig. 5h, p = 0.3412), thiab spontaneous kev ua si (Fig. 5.5i; p = 0.3256).
Daim duab 5j qhia qhov nruab nrab (± sem) qhov pib ntawm 1.1 txog 36 kHz hauv cov nas noj qab haus huv.Nws tsis tau qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov sham thiab cov nas uas raug, tshwj tsis yog qhov pib qis me ntsis hauv cov tsiaj raug mob ntawm qhov chaw siab (11–36 kHz) (unpaired 3 t-test) qhov no yog qhov tseeb 0.0. raug cov tsiaj, nyob rau hauv qhov ntau zaus (chi-square = 18.312, p = 0.001; Fig. 5k), muaj me ntsis ntau neurons nrog qis thiab nruab nrab pib (thaum lub sij hawm siab) tsawg dua neurons).
Hauv kev xaus, thaum cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv tau raug LTE, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov lus teb rau cov suab nrov ntshiab thiab cov suab nrov xws li suab nrov. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv, cortical auditory thresholds tau zoo sib xws ntawm cov tsiaj raug mob thiab sham, whereas nyob rau hauv LPS-kho tsiaj, LTE raug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kev nce nyob rau hauv lub cortical cortical saturation. ntau.
Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus cov nas uas muaj mob neuroinflammation, raug LTE-1800 MHz nrog ib lub zos SARACx ntawm 0.5 W/kg (saib Cov Txheej Txheem) ua rau muaj kev txo qis hauv kev siv lub suab-evoked cov lus teb hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus.Cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov kev hloov pauv hauv neuroarential tsis tau tshwm sim. npog los ntawm cov txheej txheem microglial.Qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm LTE ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cortical evoked cov lus teb tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv cov nas noj qab haus huv.Xav txog qhov zoo sib xws hauv kev pom cov zaus faib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw lus hauv LTE-tshuaj thiab sham-exposed tsiaj, qhov sib txawv hauv neuronal reactivity tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov teebmeem lom ntawm LTEg. 4a). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus teb latency thiab spectral tuning bandwidth nyob rau hauv LTE-exposed nas qhia tias, feem ntau yuav, cov ntaub ntawv kaw tau raug coj los ntawm tib txheej cortical, uas nyob hauv thawj ACx es tsis yog cov cheeb tsam thib ob.
Rau peb txoj kev paub, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm LTE teeb liab ntawm cov lus teb neuronal tsis tau tshaj tawm yav dhau los.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau sau tseg lub peev xwm ntawm GSM-1800 MHz lossis 1800 MHz nruam nthwv dej (CW) los hloov neuronal excitability, albeit nrog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb nyob ntawm kev sim mus kom ze. Tsis ntev tom qab kis mus rau qib 1800 MHz ntawm WK / Wg0. Cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg los ntawm snail ganglia tau pom qhov txo qis rau qhov ua rau muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo thiab cov kev hloov kho neuronal.Ntawm qhov tod tes, spiking thiab bursting kev ua si hauv thawj cov kab lis kev cai neuronal tau los ntawm nas hlwb raug txo los ntawm kev raug GSM-1800 MHz lossis 1800 MHz CW rau 15 feeb ntawm ib qho SAR / 4. 30 feeb ntawm kev raug.Complete silencing ntawm neurons tau ua tiav ntawm SAR ntawm 9.2 W / kg.Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas pom tau tias GSM-1800 MHz tau zoo dua li 1800 MHz CW hauv kev tawm tsam kev tawg, tawm tswv yim tias cov lus teb neuronal nyob ntawm RF teeb liab modulation.
Hauv peb qhov chaw, cortical evoked cov lus teb tau sau rau hauv vivo 3 mus rau 6 teev tom qab 2-teev lub taub hau nkaus xwb raug xaus.In ib txoj kev tshawb fawb dhau los, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm GSM-1800 MHz ntawm SARACx ntawm 1.55 W / kg thiab pom tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau lub suab-evoked cortical teb nyob rau hauv kev noj qab haus huv cov nas tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Kev raug LTE-1800 ntawm 0.5 W / kg SARACx yog qhov nce me ntsis hauv lub sijhawm ntawm cov lus teb raws li kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov suab nrov ntshiab.Cov nyhuv no nyuaj rau piav qhia vim tias nws tsis tau nrog kev nce hauv kev siv zog, qhia tias lub sijhawm teb ntev dua no tshwm sim nrog tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm raug rho tawm los ntawm cortical neurons tej zaum yuav txo qis qis LTE. interneurons, raws li nws tau raug sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv thawj ACx feedforward inhibition tswj lub sij hawm ntawm pyramidal cell teb tshwm sim los ntawm excitatory thalamic input33,34, 35, 36, 37.
Nyob rau hauv sib piv, nyob rau hauv cov nas raug rau LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, LTE raug tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub suab-evoked neuronal firing, tab sis tseem ceeb tshwm sim tau pom nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov evoked teb.Qhov tseeb, piv rau cov lus teb neuronal kaw nyob rau hauv LPS-sham-exposed nas, neurons nyob rau hauv LPS-treated exposed rau LPS Kev siv zog ntawm lawv cov lus teb, ib qho txiaj ntsig tau pom ob qho tib si thaum nthuav tawm cov suab ntshiab thiab lub suab nrov .Qhov kev txo qis ntawm kev siv cov lus teb rau cov suab ntshiab tau tshwm sim yam tsis muaj qhov nqaim ntawm spectral tuning bandwidth ntawm 75 dB, thiab txij li thaum nws tshwm sim ntawm txhua lub suab siv, nws ua rau muaj kev nce hauv acoustic cortical thresholds.
Qhov txo qis hauv evoked teb lub zog qhia tau hais tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm LTE signaling ntawm SARACx ntawm 0.5 W / kg hauv LPS-kho tsiaj zoo ib yam li GSM-1800 MHz thov ntawm peb zaug siab dua SARACx (1.55 W / kg) 28 .As rau GSM signaling, lub taub hau raug rau LTE-1800 MHz neurosis raug txo qis. rau LPS-triggered neuroinflammation.Ua raws li qhov kev xav no, peb kuj tau pom qhov sib txawv rau kev txo qis kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov lus teb neuronal rau lub suab (Fig. 4h) thiab txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej (Fig. 4i).Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nyuaj los txiav txim siab hauv vivo seb LTE signaling txo cov neurocinal intric los ntawm cov lus teb hauv cov lus teb los ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev. hauv ACx.
Ua ntej, cov lus teb tsis muaj zog no tuaj yeem yog vim qhov txo qis hauv lub cev ntawm cortical hlwb tom qab raug LTE 1800 MHz.Supporting lub tswv yim no, GSM-1800 MHz thiab 1800 MHz-CW txo qhov tawg ua haujlwm thaum siv ncaj qha rau thawj kab lis kev cai ntawm cortical nas neurons nrog SAR qib ntawm 6 / kg, tab sis 3.2 W. Qhov chaw pib SAR yuav tsum tau ua kom txo qis kev ua haujlwm tawg.Txoj kev tawm tswv yim kom txo qis kev ua kom muaj zog, peb kuj tau pom qhov qis dua ntawm kev tua hluav taws hauv cov tsiaj raug mob ntau dua li cov tsiaj sham-exposed.
Thib ob, LTE raug kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev sib kis ntawm thalamo-cortical lossis cortical-cortical synapses.Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no qhia tau tias, hauv lub suab cortex, qhov dav ntawm spectral tuning tsis tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm afferent thalamic projections, tab sis qhov kev sib txuas intracortical conferencing ntxiv cortex, peb qhov chaw spectral input. cortical STRF tau pom zoo li bandwidths nyob rau hauv raug thiab sham-exposed tsiaj indirectly qhia hais tias cov teebmeem ntawm LTE raug tsis cuam tshuam rau cortical-cortical connectivity.Qhov no kuj qhia tias kev sib txuas siab dua hauv lwm thaj chaw cortical nthuav tawm ntawm SAR dua li ntsuas hauv ACx (Fig. 2) tej zaum yuav tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau qhov kev hloov pauv no.
Ntawm no, ib qho kev faib ua feem ntau ntawm LPS-tso cortical kaw tau pom qhov pib siab dua piv rau LPS-sham-exposed tsiaj.Rau hais tias nws tau raug pom zoo tias qhov pib ntawm cortical acoustic feem ntau yog tswj los ntawm lub zog ntawm thalamo-cortical synapse39,40, nws tuaj yeem raug txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txo qis, thalamo-cortical. presynaptic (txo glutamate tso tawm) los yog qib postsynaptic (txo receptor tooj lossis affinity).
Zoo ib yam li cov teebmeem ntawm GSM-1800 MHz, LTE-induced altered neuronal teb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm LPS-triggered neuroinflammation, characterized los ntawm microglial teb.Cov pov thawj tam sim no qhia tias microglia muaj zog cuam tshuam cov kev ua ntawm neuronal tes hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib txwm thiab pathological hlwb 41,42,43.Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neurons tsuas yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv los yog cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov neurons. txwv tsis pub neurotransmission, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub siab motility ntawm lawv cellular txheej txheem.Nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex, ob qho tib si nce thiab tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm neuronal tes hauj lwm ua rau kom ceev expansion ntawm microglial spatial domain vim kev loj hlob ntawm microglial txheej txheem44,45.Tshwj xeeb, microglial protrusions yog recruited nyob ze activated thalamocortical synap mechanisms. microglia-mediated hauv zos adenosine ntau lawm.
Hauv LPS-kho nas xa mus rau GSM-1800 MHz nrog SARACx ntawm 1.55 W / kg, txo qis kev ua haujlwm ntawm ACx neurons tshwm sim nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem microglial cim los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb Iba1-stained thaj chaw hauv ACx28 nce.Qhov kev soj ntsuam no qhia tias microglial remodeling tshwm sim los ntawm GSM kev cuam tshuam tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm GSM. Lub suab-evoked neuronal teb.Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau sib cav tawm tsam qhov kev xav no hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm LTE lub taub hau raug nrog SARACx txwv rau 0.5 W / kg, raws li peb pom tsis muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov cheeb tsam spatial them los ntawm microglial cov txheej txheem.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txiav tawm ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm LTE teeb liab ntawm LPS-activated microglia cov kev ua ub no, uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kev tshawb fawb no. txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem los ntawm qhov mob neuroinflammation hloov cov lus teb neuronal rau LTE signaling.
Rau peb txoj kev paub, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm LTE cov cim ntawm kev mloog tsis tau kawm ua ntej.Peb cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los 26,28 thiab txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau pom tias nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev mob o, raug lub taub hau ib leeg rau GSM-1800 MHz lossis LTE-1800 MHz ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov lus teb neuronal hauv ob qho laj thawj loj hauv ACx. cochlear muaj nuj nqi yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam los ntawm peb LTE raug.Ua ntej, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lub dosimetry txoj kev tshawb no qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2, lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm SAR (ze li 1 W / kg) nyob rau hauv lub dorsomedial cortex (hauv qab lub kav hlau txais xov), thiab lawv txo ntau npaum li cas ib tug txav ntau laterally thiab laterally.The 1 mus rau ventral ib feem ntawm kwv yees li 0. theem ntawm nas pinna (hauv qab pob ntseg kwj dej). Thib ob, thaum guinea npua pob ntseg raug rau 2 lub hlis ntawm GSM 900 MHz (5 hnub / lub lis piam, 1 teev / hnub, SAR nruab nrab ntawm 1 thiab 4 W / kg), tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv qhov loj ntawm cov khoom distortion ntawm otoacoustic Kev Ntsuas thiab Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas rau 47.Tsis tas li ntawd, rov ua lub taub hau raug GSM 900 lossis 1800 MHz ntawm ib cheeb tsam SAR ntawm 2 W / kg tsis cuam tshuam rau cochlear txheej plaub hau cell ua haujlwm hauv cov nas noj qab haus huv 48,49.Cov txiaj ntsig no tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hauv tib neeg, qhov kev tshawb xyuas tau pom tias 10- mus rau 30-feeb cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau hauv xov tooj ntawm tes GSM los ntawm EMF. soj ntsuam ntawm cochlear50,51,52​​los yog brainstem theem 53,54.
Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, LTE-triggered neuronal firing hloov pauv tau pom nyob rau hauv vivo 3 mus rau 6 teev tom qab kis tau tas.In ib txoj kev tshawb fawb dhau los ntawm dorsomedial ib feem ntawm lub cortex, ntau qhov cuam tshuam los ntawm GSM-1800 MHz tau pom ntawm 24 teev tom qab kis tau lawm tsis tuaj yeem tshawb pom ntawm 72 teev tom qab kev nthuav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem micro, qhov no yog cov txheej txheem nthuav dav. IL-1ß gene thiab post-translational modification ntawm AMPA receptors.Xav tias lub auditory cortex muaj qis SAR tus nqi (0.5W / kg) dua li thaj tsam dorsomedial (2.94W / kg26), cov kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm neuronal tau tshaj tawm ntawm no tshwm sim ua ntu zus.
Peb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsim nyog SAR txwv thiab kwv yees ntawm qhov tseeb SAR qhov tseem ceeb tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex ntawm cov neeg siv xov tooj ntawm tes.Tam sim no cov qauv siv los tiv thaiv pej xeem teeb tsa SAR txwv rau 2 W / kg rau lub taub hau hauv zos lossis lub cev raug rau xov tooj cua zaus hauv 100 kHz thiab 6 GHz RF ntau yam.
Cov koob tshuaj simulations tau ua tiav siv cov qauv tib neeg lub taub hau los txiav txim siab RF lub zog nqus hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub taub hau thaum lub taub hau dav dav lossis kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj ntawm tes. Ntxiv rau qhov ntau haiv neeg ntawm tib neeg lub taub hau qauv, cov kev simulation no qhia txog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb lossis tsis paub tseeb hauv kev kwv yees lub zog nqus los ntawm lub hlwb raws li kev xav ntawm lub cev lossis histological tsis xws li cov ntaub so ntswg sab nraud lossis sab hauv, cov ntsiab lus dav hauv lub taub hau. Raws li lub hnub nyoog, poj niam txiv neej, los yog ib tug neeg 56,57,58.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes, xws li qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes txheeb ze rau tus neeg siv lub taub hau, muaj zog cuam tshuam rau qib thiab kev faib tawm ntawm SAR qhov tseem ceeb hauv cerebral cortex59,60.Txawm li cas los xij, xav txog cov xov tooj ntawm tes uas tau tshaj tawm SAR cortex uas tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg cov qauv ntawm cov xov tooj cua cortex. frequencies nyob rau hauv 1800 MHz range58, 59, 60, nws zoo nkaus li tias cov qib SAR ua tiav nyob rau hauv tib neeg auditory cortex tseem tsis tau siv ib nrab ntawm tib neeg cerebral cortex.Our txoj kev tshawb no (SARACx 0.5 W / kg).Yog li ntawd, peb cov ntaub ntawv tsis cam rau cov kev txwv tam sim no ntawm SARlic nqi.
Hauv kev xaus, peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias ib lub taub hau nkaus xwb raug rau LTE-1800 MHz cuam tshuam nrog cov lus teb neuronal ntawm cortical neurons rau kev hnov ​​​​mob.Ua raws li cov yam ntxwv yav dhau los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm GSM signaling, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm LTE signaling ntawm cov haujlwm neuronal sib txawv los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv.Acute neuroinflammation-8 MHz neurons, hloov cortical processing ntawm auditory stimuli.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau sau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 55 hnub los ntawm cerebral cortex ntawm 31 tus neeg laus txiv neej Wistar nas tau txais hauv Janvier lub chaw kuaj mob.Cov nas tsuag tau nyob hauv qhov av noo (50-55%) thiab qhov ntsuas kub (22-24 ° C) tswj qhov chaw nrog lub teeb / tsaus voj voog ntawm 12 h / 12 ​​ntawm 7 teev sawv ntxov nrog dej (dawb): Cov kev sim tau ua raws li cov lus qhia uas tau tsim los ntawm Council of the European Communities Directive (2010/63/EU Council Directive), uas zoo ib yam li cov lus piav qhia hauv Society for Neuroscience Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research.This protocol tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Paris-Sud thiab 5 Center, CEEA 1-Project 2°, National Center 12-2019, CEEA. 03729.02) siv cov txheej txheem validated los ntawm pawg neeg no 32-2011 thiab 34-2012.
Tsiaj txhu tau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam tsawg kawg yog 1 lub lis piam ua ntej kev kho LPS thiab raug (los yog sham exposure) rau LTE-EMF.
Nees nkaum ob nas tau txhaj tshuaj intraperitoneally (ip) nrog E. coli LPS (250 µg / kg, serotype 0127:B8, SIGMA) diluted nrog sterile endotoxin-dawb isotonic saline 24 teev ua ntej LTE lossis sham exposure (n ib pab pawg). = 11).Nyob rau hauv 2-hli-laus Wistar txiv neej nas, qhov kev kho LPS no ua rau cov lus teb neuroinflammatory uas yog cim nyob rau hauv lub paj hlwb cortex los ntawm ntau yam pro-inflammatory genes (cov qog necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1ß, CCL2, NOX2, NOS2) tau nce-tswj folding 24 teev tom qab kev txhaj tshuaj, nrog rau 2-teev LPS. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg uas nkag mus rau NOX2 enzyme thiab interleukin 1ß, ntsig txog.Ntawm lub sijhawm 24-h lub sijhawm no, cortical microglia tau nthuav tawm cov qauv "dense" cell morphology xav tau los ntawm LPS-ua rau kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov hlwb (Daim duab 1), uas yog qhov sib piv rau LPS-ua kom ua rau lwm tus. Cellular pro-inflammatory activation sib raug rau 24, 61.
Lub taub hau nkaus xwb raug rau LTE EMF tau ua los ntawm kev sim teeb tsa yav dhau los siv los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm GSM EMF26.LTE raug 24 teev tom qab LPS txhaj tshuaj (11 tsiaj) lossis tsis kho LPS (5 tsiaj txhu).Tsiaj qus tau maj mam muab tshuaj loog nrog ketamine / xylazine (ketamine 80 mg / kg, ketamine 80 ip ua ntej mg / kg, ketamine 80 ip) txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev txav mus los thiab kom ntseeg tau tias tus tsiaj lub taub hau nyob hauv lub voj voog kav hlau txais xov emitting LTE teeb liab Reproducible qhov chaw hauv qab no.Ib nrab ntawm cov nas los ntawm tib lub tawb tau txais kev tswj hwm (11 sham-exposed tsiaj, tawm ntawm 22 nas pretreated nrog LPS): lawv tau muab tso rau hauv qab lub voj voog kav hlau txais xov thiab lub zog ntawm LTE teeb liab raug xa mus rau zero. tau zoo sib xws (p = 0.558, unpaired t-test, ns).Tag nrho cov tsiaj uas tsis muaj tshuaj loog tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tshuab cua sov tsis muaj hlau kom tswj lawv lub cev kub ntawm 37 ° C thoob plaws qhov kev sim.Raws li qhov kev sim yav dhau los, lub sij hawm raug teem rau 2 teev.Tom qab raug, muab tus tsiaj tso rau ntawm lwm qhov cua sov pad. (tsis kho nrog LPS), ib nrab ntawm cov sham-pom los ntawm tib lub tawb (p = 0.694).
Lub kaw lus raug tau zoo ib yam li cov tshuab 25, 62 tau piav qhia hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob xov tooj cua hloov pauv los tsim LTE es tsis txhob siv GSM electromagnetic teb.Rov luv, lub tshuab hluav taws xob RF (SMBV100A, 3.2 GHz, Rohde & Schwarz, Lub teb chaws Yelemees) emitting ib lub zog amplifier rau LTE - 18 MHz. (ZHL-4W-422+, Mini-Circuits, USA), lub voj voog (D3 1719-N, Sodhy, Fabkis), ob-txoj kev txuas (CD D 1824-2, − 30 dB, Sodhy, Fabkis) thiab plaub-txoj kev faib hluav taws xob (DC D 0922-4N), tso cai rau tsiaj plaub fab, Sodhy, Fabkis (N1921A, Agilent, TEB CHAWS USA) txuas nrog bidirectional coupler tso cai rau kev ntsuas tas li thiab saib xyuas qhov xwm txheej thiab cuam tshuam lub zog hauv lub cuab yeej.Txhua qhov tso zis tau txuas nrog lub voj voog kav hlau txais xov (Sama-Sistemi srl; Roma), ua kom pom ib feem ntawm tus tsiaj lub taub hau.Lub voj voog kav hlau txais xov muaj ib lub voj voog luam tawm nrog 6 conravant . insulating epoxy substrate.Ntawm ib kawg, cov cuab yeej muaj 1 hli dav hlau tsim ib lub nplhaib tso ze rau ntawm tus tsiaj lub taub hau.Raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los26,62, qhov tshwj xeeb nqus tus nqi (SAR) tau txiav txim tus lej siv tus lej nas qauv thiab lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv (FDTD) method63,64yrat,65. Luxtron probes ntsuas kub nce.Qhov no, SAR hauv W / kg yog xam los ntawm cov mis: SAR = C ΔT / Δt, qhov C yog lub peev xwm kub hauv J / (kg K), ΔT, nyob rau hauv ° K thiab Δt Kub hloov, lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv vib nas this.Tus lej txiav txim siab SAR qhov tseem ceeb tau muab piv nrog rau cov qauv kev sim SAR homogenetaine, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov qauv siv cov khoom siv sib txawv. rat hlwb thaj tsam.Qhov txawv ntawm cov lej SAR ntsuas thiab cov kev sim kuaj pom SAR qhov tseem ceeb yog tsawg dua 30%.
Daim duab 2a qhia txog SAR faib rau hauv nas hlwb hauv cov qauv nas, uas phim qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav thiab qhov loj ntawm cov nas siv hauv peb txoj kev kawm.Brain txhais tau tias SAR yog 0.37 ± 0.23 W / kg (txhais tau tias ± SD).SAR qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw cortical tsuas yog hauv qab lub voj voog hauv AC 5x SAR (AC) SAR. 0.08 W/kg (txhais tau tias ± SD) (Daim duab 2b).Vim lub cev hnyav ntawm cov nas uas raug yog homogeneous thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub taub hau yog negligible, qhov tseeb SAR ntawm ACx los yog lwm qhov chaw cortical yuav tsum zoo sib xws ntawm ib tug raug tsiaj thiab lwm yam.
Thaum kawg ntawm kev kis tus kab mob, cov tsiaj tau ntxiv cov tshuaj ketamine ntxiv (20 mg / kg, ip) thiab xylazine (4 mg / kg, ip) kom txog thaum tsis muaj kev txav txav txav tom qab pinching lub paw.Ib qho tshuaj loog hauv zos (Xylocain 2%) tau txhaj subcutaneously rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab temporalis nqaij, cov tsiaj tsis muaj cua sov. Muab tus tsiaj tso rau hauv stereotaxic thav duab, craniotomy tau ua dhau ntawm sab laug ntawm lub cev sab sauv cortex.Raws li hauv peb txoj kev kawm yav dhau los66, pib los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm cov pob txha parietal thiab lub cev nqaij daim tawv, qhov qhib yog 9 hli dav thiab 5 hli siab.The dura saum lub ACx tau ua tib zoo tshem tawm hauv qab binocular tswj tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab ntsha kawg. acrylic cement rau atraumatic fixation ntawm tus tsiaj lub taub hau thaum lub sij hawm kaw.Ntev lub stereotaxic ncej txhawb tus tsiaj nyob rau hauv ib tug acoustic attenuation chamber (IAC, qauv AC1).
Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm ntau lub tsev kaw lus hauv thawj auditory cortex ntawm 20 nas, suav nrog 10 tsiaj pretreated nrog LPS.Extracellular recordings tau los ntawm ib qho array ntawm 16 tungsten electrodes (TDT, ø: 33 µm, < 1 MΩ) uas muaj ob kab ntawm 10 µm ntawm qhov chaw electrodes. electrodes nyob rau hauv tib kab).Ib hlau hlau (ø: 300 µm) rau grounding tau muab tso rau ntawm lub temporal pob txha thiab contralateral dura.Qhov kwv yees qhov chaw ntawm lub thawj ACx yog 4-7 hli posterior rau lub bregma thiab 3 hli ventral mus rau lub supratemporal suture.Cov ntaub ntawv raw cov teeb liab tau amplified los ntawm 10 lub sij hawm ib tug txheej txheem ntau (T) thiab TD. acquisition system (RX5, TDT).Signals sau los ntawm txhua lub electrode tau lim (610–10,000 Hz) kom rho tawm ntau-unit kev ua si (MUA).Trigger theem tau ua tib zoo teem rau txhua electrode (los ntawm coauthors blinded rau raug los yog sham-exposed xeev) los xaiv qhov loj tshaj plaws kev txiav txim tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm lub teeb liab ntawm lub wavelength ntawm MUA daim ntawv qhia. sau ntawm no muaj cov peev xwm ua tau tsim los ntawm 3 mus rau 6 neurons nyob ze ntawm cov electrodes.Thaum pib ntawm txhua qhov kev sim, peb tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm ntawm cov electrode array kom ob kab ntawm yim electrodes tuaj yeem coj cov neurons, los ntawm qis mus rau cov lus teb ntau zaus thaum ua nyob rau hauv rostral orientation.
Acoustic stimuli tau tsim nyob rau hauv Matlab, kis mus rau RP2.1 raws li lub suab xa khoom (TDT) thiab xa mus rau Fostex loudspeaker (FE87E).Lub suab nrov tau muab tso rau 2 cm ntawm tus nas lub pob ntseg sab xis, ntawm qhov deb ntawm lub suab nrov tsim lub suab nrov nrov nrov (± 3 dB Hz) ntawm 14 dB Hz thiab 14 dB Hz. calibration tau ua los ntawm cov suab nrov thiab cov suab ntshiab uas tau kaw nrog Bruel thiab Kjaer microphone 4133 ua ke rau lub preamplifier B&K 2169 thiab digital recorder Marantz PMD671.The Spectral Time Receptive Field (STRF) tau txiav txim siab siv 97 gamma-tone zaus, npog 4 3 6 random krandom (0. 75 dB SPL ntawm 4.15 Hz.Qhov zaus teb (FRA) yog txiav txim siab siv tib lub suab nrov thiab nthuav tawm hauv random xaj ntawm 2 Hz los ntawm 75 mus rau 5 dB SPL.Txhua zaus yog nthuav tawm yim zaug ntawm txhua qhov siv.
Cov lus teb rau tej yam ntuj tso stimuli kuj raug soj ntsuam. Hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, peb tau pom tias nas vocalizations tsis tshua muaj cov lus teb muaj zog hauv ACx, tsis hais txog cov neuronal optimal zaus (BF), hos xenograft-specific (xws li, songbird lossis guinea npua vocalizations) feem ntau Cov lus teb tag nrho, peb tau kuaj xyuas. guinea npua (xws li siv hauv 36 tau txuas nrog 1 s ntawm stimuli, nthuav tawm 25 zaug).

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